Number data types store numeric values. They are immutable data
types. This means, changing the value of a number data type results in a
newly allocated object.
Number objects are created when you assign a value to them. For example −
var1 = 1
var2 = 10
You can also delete the reference to a number object by using the
del statement. The syntax of the
del statement is −
del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]
You can delete a single object or multiple objects by using the
del statement. For example −
del var
del var_a, var_b
Python supports different numerical types −
- int (signed integers) − They are often called just integers or ints.
They are positive or negative whole numbers with no decimal point.
Integers in Python 3 are of unlimited size. Python 2 has two integer
types - int and long. There is no 'long integer' in Python 3 anymore.
- float (floating point real values) − Also called floats,
they represent real numbers and are written with a decimal point
dividing the integer and the fractional parts. Floats may also be in
scientific notation, with E or e indicating the power of 10 (2.5e2 = 2.5
x 102 = 250).
- complex (complex numbers) − are of the form a + bJ, where a
and b are floats and J (or j) represents the square root of -1 (which
is an imaginary number). The real part of the number is a, and the
imaginary part is b. Complex numbers are not used much in Python
programming.
It is possible to represent an integer in hexa-decimal or octal form
>>> number = 0xA0F #Hexa-decimal
>>> number
2575
>>> number = 0o37 #Octal
>>> number
31
Examples
Here are some examples of numbers.
int |
float |
complex |
10 |
0.0 |
3.14j |
100 |
15.20 |
45.j |
-786 |
-21.9 |
9.322e-36j |
080 |
32.3+e18 |
.876j |
-0490 |
-90. |
-.6545+0J |
-0×260 |
-32.54e100 |
3e+26J |
0×69 |
70.2-E12 |
4.53e-7j |
A complex number consists of an ordered pair of real floating-point
numbers denoted by a + bj, where a is the real part and b is the
imaginary part of the complex number.
Number Type Conversion
Python converts numbers internally in an expression containing mixed
types to a common type for evaluation. Sometimes, you need to coerce a
number explicitly from one type to another to satisfy the requirements
of an operator or function parameter.
- Type int(x) to convert x to a plain integer.
- Type long(x) to convert x to a long integer.
- Type float(x) to convert x to a floating-point number.
- Type complex(x) to convert x to a complex number with real part x and imaginary part zero.
- Type complex(x, y) to convert x and y to a complex number with real part x and imaginary part y. x and y are numeric expressions
Mathematical Functions
Python includes the following functions that perform mathematical calculations.
S.No. |
Function & Returns ( Description ) |
1 |
abs(x)
The absolute value of x: the (positive) distance between x and zero. |
2 |
ceil(x)
The ceiling of x: the smallest integer not less than x. |
3 |
cmp(x, y)
-1 if x < y, 0 if x == y, or 1 if x > y. Deprecated in Python 3. Instead use return (x>y)-(x<y). |
4 |
exp(x)
The exponential of x: ex |
5 |
fabs(x)
The absolute value of x. |
6 |
floor(x)
The floor of x: the largest integer not greater than x. |
7 |
log(x)
The natural logarithm of x, for x > 0. |
8 |
log10(x)
The base-10 logarithm of x for x > 0. |
9 |
max(x1, x2,...)
The largest of its arguments: the value closest to positive infinity |
10 |
min(x1, x2,...)
The smallest of its arguments: the value closest to negative infinity. |
11 |
modf(x)
The fractional and integer parts of x in a two-item tuple. Both parts
have the same sign as x. The integer part is returned as a float. |
12 |
pow(x, y)
The value of x**y. |
13 |
round(x [,n])
x rounded to n digits from the decimal point. Python rounds
away from zero as a tie-breaker: round(0.5) is 1.0 and round(-0.5) is
-1.0. |
14 |
sqrt(x)
The square root of x for x > 0. |
Random Number Functions
Random numbers are used for games, simulations, testing, security,
and privacy applications. Python includes the following functions that
are commonly used.
S.No. |
Function & Description |
1 |
choice(seq)
A random item from a list, tuple, or string. |
2 |
randrange ([start,] stop [,step])
A randomly selected element from range(start, stop, step). |
3 |
random()
A random float r, such that 0 is less than or equal to r and r is less than 1 |
4 |
seed([x])
Sets the integer starting value used in generating random numbers.
Call this function before calling any other random module function.
Returns None. |
5 |
shuffle(lst)
Randomizes the items of a list in place. Returns None. |
6 |
uniform(x, y)
A random float r, such that x is less than or equal to r and r is less than y. |
Trigonometric Functions
Python includes the following functions that perform trigonometric calculations.
S.No. |
Function & Description |
1 |
acos(x)
Return the arc cosine of x, in radians. |
2 |
asin(x)
Return the arc sine of x, in radians. |
3 |
atan(x)
Return the arc tangent of x, in radians. |
4 |
atan2(y, x)
Return atan(y / x), in radians. |
5 |
cos(x)
Return the cosine of x radians. |
6 |
hypot(x, y)
Return the Euclidean norm, sqrt(x*x + y*y). |
7 |
sin(x)
Return the sine of x radians. |
8 |
tan(x)
Return the tangent of x radians. |
9 |
degrees(x)
Converts angle x from radians to degrees. |
10 |
radians(x)
Converts angle x from degrees to radians. |
Mathematical Constants
The module also defines two mathematical constants −
S.No. |
Constants & Description |
1 | pi
The mathematical constant pi. |
2 | e
The mathematical constant e. |
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