MathML - Overview

MathML stands for Mathematical Markup Language and is an XML based application. It is used to describe mathematical and scientific notations. It's 1 and 2 version were created and developed by The Math Working Group which is one of the oldest W3C Working Groups during 1996-2004. MathML version 3 was created during Math Working Group's second activity period (2006-2016)and is an ISO standard.

MathML - All Elements

Following is the list of important MathML elements.

1. <maction> - Provides option to bind actions to subexpressions/expressions.
2. <math> - It is top or root level element and is used to encapsulate each instance of MathML instance. Every valid MathML expression should be wrapped in outer <math> tag. It can contain any number of child elements. One math element cannot contain another math element tag.
   

MathML - Basic Elements

There are five basic elements of a MathML expression.

• <math> element - It is top or root level element and is used to encapsulate each instance of MathML instance. Every valid MathML expression should be wrapped in outer <math> tag. It can contain any number of child elements. One math element cannot contain another math element tag.
  

MathML - Carries

The <mscarries> element can be used to create carries, borrows, and crossouts that occur in elementary math. The children of mscarries are associated with elements in the following row of the mstack. Each child of mscarries except <mscarry> or <none> is treated as being implicitly surrounded by mscarry.

MathML - Enclosing

<menclose> tag is used to renders content inside the enclosing notation as specified by its notation attribute. it accepts a single argument as an inferred mrow of multiple children.

Syntax

Here is the simple syntax to use this tag −

<menclose> expression </menclose>

MathML - Fencing

<mfenced> tag is a convenient method to use fencing operators like curly braces, brackets and parentheses instead of using <mo> tags for them.

Syntax

Here is the simple syntax to use this tag −

<mfenced> expression </mfenced>

MathML - Fractions

<mfrac> tag is used to draw fractions.

Syntax

Here is the simple syntax to use this tag −

<mfrac> numerator denominator </mfrac>

MathML - Long Division

<mlongdiv> tag is used to draw long divisions.

Syntax

Here is the simple syntax to use this tag −

<mlongdiv> divisor dividend result expression </mlongdiv>

MathML - Matrices

<mtable> tag is used to draw matrices.

Syntax

mtable is similar to table tag of HTML and this tag uses mtr, mtd elements which are similar to tr and td tags of HTML.

<mtable> <mtr> <mtd></mtd></mtr></mfrac>

MathML - Multiplication

<msgroup> is used to group rows inside <mstack> element and <mlongdiv> elements to have position relative to the alignment of stack. <msgroup> element with shift attribute can be used to create simple multiplications.

MathML - Overscript

<mover> tag is used to draw overscript. It adds an accent or a limit over an expression.

Syntax

Here is the simple syntax to use this tag −

<mover> base overscript </mover>

MathML - Padding

<mpadded> element is used to add padding, or extra space, around its content. It can be used to adjust size and positioning e.g. negative padding,which can cause the content of mpadded to overlap the rendering of neighboring content.

MathML - Phantom

<mphantom> element renders invisibly keeping same size and other dimensions, including baseline position, as its contents would have if they were rendered normally. It is used to align parts of an expression by invisibly duplicating sub-expressions.

MathML - Radicals

msqrt and mroot elements construct radicals. The msqrt element constructs square roots, while the mroot element constructs radicals with indices, for example a cube root.

MathML - Repeating Decimals

Decimal numbers having digit(s) that repeat(s) infinitely such as 1/3 (.3333...) are represented by putting a horizontal line over or below the digits that repeat. <mstack> , <msrow>, and <msline> elements can be used to create decimal numbers with repeated digits as shown below.

MathML - Style

<mstyle> tag is used to make style changes that affect the rendering of its contents.

Syntax

Here is the simple syntax to use this tag −

<mstyle> expression </mstyle>

MathML - Subscripts

<msub> tag is used to draw subscript to an expression.

Syntax

Here is the simple syntax to use this tag −

<msub> base subscript </msub>

MathML - Subscript-Superscript

<msubsup> tag is used to attach both subscript and superscript to an expression.

Syntax

Here is the simple syntax to use this tag −

<msubsup> base subscript superscript</msubsup>

MathML - Superscripts

<msup> tag is used to draw superscript to an expression.

Syntax

Here is the simple syntax to use this tag −

<msup> base superscript </msup>

MathML - Underscript

<munder> tag is used to draw underscript. It adds an accent or a limit under an expression.

Syntax

Here is the simple syntax to use this tag −

<munder> base underscript </munder>