Intrinsic functions are some common and important functions that are
provided as a part of the Fortran language. We have already discussed
some of these functions in the Arrays, Characters and String chapters.
Intrinsic functions can be categorised as:
- Numeric Functions
- Mathematical Functions
- Numeric Inquiry Functions
- Floating-Point Manipulation Functions
- Bit Manipulation Functions
- Character Functions
- Kind Functions
- Logical Functions
- Array Functions.
We have discussed the array functions in the Arrays chapter. In the
following section we provide brief descriptions of all these functions
from other categories.
In the function name column,
- A represents any type of numeric variable
- R represents a real or integer variable
- X and Y represent real variables
- Z represents complex variable
- W represents real or complex variable
Numeric Functions
| Function |
Description |
| ABS (A) |
It returns the absolute value of A |
| AIMAG (Z) |
It returns the imaginary part of a complex number Z |
| AINT (A [, KIND]) |
It truncates fractional part of A towards zero, returning a real, whole number. |
| ANINT (A [, KIND]) |
It returns a real value, the nearest integer or whole number. |
| CEILING (A [, KIND]) |
It returns the least integer greater than or equal to number A. |
| CMPLX (X [, Y, KIND]) |
It converts the real variables X and Y to a complex number X+iY; if Y is absent, 0 is used. |
| CONJG (Z) |
It returns the complex conjugate of any complex number Z. |
| DBLE (A) |
It converts A to a double precision real number. |
| DIM (X, Y) |
It returns the positive difference of X and Y. |
| DPROD (X, Y) |
It returns the double precision real product of X and Y. |
| FLOOR (A [, KIND]) |
It provides the greatest integer less than or equal to number A. |
| INT (A [, KIND]) |
It converts a number (real or integer) to integer, truncating the real part towards zero. |
| MAX (A1, A2 [, A3,...]) |
It returns the maximum value from the arguments, all being of same type. |
| MIN (A1, A2 [, A3,...]) |
It returns the minimum value from the arguments, all being of same type. |
| MOD (A, P) |
It returns the remainder of A on division by P, both arguments being of the same type (A-INT(A/P)*P) |
| MODULO (A, P) |
It returns A modulo P: (A-FLOOR(A/P)*P) |
| NINT (A [, KIND]) |
It returns the nearest integer of number A |
| REAL (A [, KIND]) |
It Converts to real type |
| SIGN (A, B) |
It returns the absolute value of A multiplied by the sign of P. Basically it transfers the of sign of B to A. |
Example
program numericFunctions
implicit none
! define constants
! define variables
real :: a, b
complex :: z
! values for a, b
a = 15.2345
b = -20.7689
write(*,*) 'abs(a): ',abs(a),' abs(b): ',abs(b)
write(*,*) 'aint(a): ',aint(a),' aint(b): ',aint(b)
write(*,*) 'ceiling(a): ',ceiling(a),' ceiling(b): ',ceiling(b)
write(*,*) 'floor(a): ',floor(a),' floor(b): ',floor(b)
z = cmplx(a, b)
write(*,*) 'z: ',z
end program numericFunctions
When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result:
abs(a): 15.2344999 abs(b): 20.7688999
aint(a): 15.0000000 aint(b): -20.0000000
ceiling(a): 16 ceiling(b): -20
floor(a): 15 floor(b): -21
z: (15.2344999, -20.7688999)
Mathematical Functions
| Function |
Description |
| ACOS (X) |
It returns the inverse cosine in the range (0, π), in radians. |
| ASIN (X) |
It returns the inverse sine in the range (-π/2, π/2), in radians. |
| ATAN (X) |
It returns the inverse tangent in the range (-π/2, π/2), in radians. |
| ATAN2 (Y, X) |
It returns the inverse tangent in the range (-π, π), in radians. |
| COS (X) |
It returns the cosine of argument in radians. |
| COSH (X) |
It returns the hyperbolic cosine of argument in radians. |
| EXP (X) |
It returns the exponential value of X. |
| LOG (X) |
It returns the natural logarithmic value of X. |
| LOG10 (X) |
It returns the common logarithmic (base 10) value of X. |
| SIN (X) |
It returns the sine of argument in radians. |
| SINH (X) |
It returns the hyperbolic sine of argument in radians. |
| SQRT (X) |
It returns square root of X. |
| TAN (X) |
It returns the tangent of argument in radians. |
| TANH (X) |
It returns the hyperbolic tangent of argument in radians. |
Example
The following program computes the horizontal and vertical position x and y respectively of a projectile after a time, t:
Where, x = u t cos a and y = u t sin a - g t2 / 2
program projectileMotion
implicit none
! define constants
real, parameter :: g = 9.8
real, parameter :: pi = 3.1415927
!define variables
real :: a, t, u, x, y
!values for a, t, and u
a = 45.0
t = 20.0
u = 10.0
! convert angle to radians
a = a * pi / 180.0
x = u * cos(a) * t
y = u * sin(a) * t - 0.5 * g * t * t
write(*,*) 'x: ',x,' y: ',y
end program projectileMotion
When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result:
x: 141.421356 y: -1818.57861
Numeric Inquiry Functions
These functions work with a certain model of integer and
floating-point arithmetic. The functions return properties of numbers of
the same kind as the variable X, which can be real and in some cases
integer.
| Function |
Description |
| DIGITS (X) |
It returns the number of significant digits of the model. |
| EPSILON (X) |
It returns the number that is almost negligible compared to one. In
other words, it returns the smallest value such that REAL( 1.0, KIND(X))
+ EPSILON(X) is not equal to REAL( 1.0, KIND(X)). |
| HUGE (X) |
It returns the largest number of the model |
| MAXEXPONENT (X) |
It returns the maximum exponent of the model |
| MINEXPONENT (X) |
It returns the minimum exponent of the model |
| PRECISION (X) |
It returns the decimal precision |
| RADIX (X) |
It returns the base of the model |
| RANGE (X) |
It returns the decimal exponent range |
| TINY (X) |
It returns the smallest positive number of the model |
Floating-Point Manipulation Functions
| Function |
Description |
| EXPONENT (X) |
It returns the exponent part of a model number |
| FRACTION (X) |
It returns the fractional part of a number |
| NEAREST (X, S) |
It returns the nearest different processor number in given direction |
| RRSPACING (X) |
It returns the reciprocal of the relative spacing of model numbers near given number |
| SCALE (X, I) |
It multiplies a real by its base to an integer power |
| SET_EXPONENT (X, I) |
it returns the exponent part of a number |
| SPACING (X) |
It returns the absolute spacing of model numbers near given number |
Bit Manipulation Functions
| Function |
Description |
| BIT_SIZE (I) |
It returns the number of bits of the model |
| BTEST (I, POS) |
Bit testing |
| IAND (I, J) |
Logical AND |
| IBCLR (I, POS) |
Clear bit |
| IBITS (I, POS, LEN) |
Bit extraction |
| IBSET (I, POS) |
Set bit |
| IEOR (I, J) |
Exclusive OR |
| IOR (I, J) |
Inclusive OR |
| ISHFT (I, SHIFT) |
Logical shift |
| ISHFTC (I, SHIFT [, SIZE]) |
Circular shift |
| NOT (I) |
Logical complement |
Character Functions
| Function |
Description |
| ACHAR (I) |
It returns the Ith character in the ASCII collating sequence. |
| ADJUSTL (STRING) |
It adjusts string left by removing any leading blanks and inserting trailing blanks |
| ADJUSTR (STRING) |
It adjusts string right by removing trailing blanks and inserting leading blanks. |
| CHAR (I [, KIND]) |
It returns the Ith character in the machine specific collating sequence |
| IACHAR (C) |
It returns the position of the character in the ASCII collating sequence. |
| ICHAR (C) |
It returns the position of the character in the machine (processor) specific collating sequence. |
| INDEX (STRING, SUBSTRING [, BACK]) |
It returns the leftmost (rightmost if BACK is .TRUE.) starting position of SUBSTRING within STRING. |
| LEN (STRING) |
It returns the length of a string. |
| LEN_TRIM (STRING) |
It returns the length of a string without trailing blank characters. |
| LGE (STRING_A, STRING_B) |
Lexically greater than or equal |
| LGT (STRING_A, STRING_B) |
Lexically greater than |
| LLE (STRING_A, STRING_B) |
Lexically less than or equal |
| LLT (STRING_A, STRING_B) |
Lexically less than |
| REPEAT (STRING, NCOPIES) |
Repeated concatenation |
| SCAN (STRING, SET [, BACK]) |
It returns the index of the leftmost (rightmost if BACK is .TRUE.) character of STRING that belong to SET, or 0 if none belong. |
| TRIM (STRING) |
Removes trailing blank characters |
| VERIFY (STRING, SET [, BACK]) |
Verifies the set of characters in a string |
Kind Functions
| Function |
Description |
| KIND (X) |
It returns the kind type parameter value. |
| SELECTED_INT_KIND (R) |
It returns kind of type parameter for specified exponent range. |
| SELECTED_REAL_KIND ([P, R]) |
Real kind type parameter value, given precision and range |
Logical Function
| Function |
Description |
| LOGICAL (L [, KIND]) |
Convert between objects of type logical with different kind type parameters |
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