D - Interfaces

An interface is a way of forcing the classes that inherit from it to have to implement certain functions or variables. Functions must not be implemented in an interface because they are always implemented in the classes that inherit from the interface.

D - Abstract Classes

Abstraction refers to the ability to make a class abstract in OOP. An abstract class is one that cannot be instantiated. All other functionality of the class still exists, and its fields, methods, and constructors are all accessed in the same manner. You just cannot create an instance of the abstract class.

D Programming - Quick Guide

D Programming - Overview

D programming language is an object oriented multi-paradigm system programming language developed by Walter Bright of Digital Mars. It's development started in 1999 and was first released in 2001. The major version of D(1.0) was released in 2007. Currently, we have D2 version of D.

D Programming - Useful Resources

The following resources contain additional information on D Programming. Please use them to get more in-depth knowledge on this topic.

Discuss D Programming

D programming language is an object oriented multi-paradigm system programming language. D programming is actually developed by re-engineering C++ programming language

C Overview

C# is a modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft and approved by European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) and International Standards Organization (ISO).

C Environment

Try it Option Online

We have set up the C# Programming environment online, so that you can compile and execute all the available examples online. It gives you confidence in what you are reading and enables you to verify the programs with different options. Feel free to modify any example and execute it online.

C Program Structure

Before we study basic building blocks of the C# programming language, let us look at a bare minimum C# program structure so that we can take it as a reference in upcoming chapters.

C Basic Syntax

C# is an object-oriented programming language. In Object-Oriented Programming methodology, a program consists of various objects that interact with each other by means of actions. The actions that an object may take are called methods. Objects of the same kind are said to have the same type or, are said to be in the same class.

C# - Data Types

The variables in C#, are categorized into the following types:

• Value types
• Reference types
• Pointer types

C# - Type Conversion

Type conversion is converting one type of data to another type. It is also known as Type Casting. In C#, type casting has two forms:

C# - Variables

A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate. Each variable in C# has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory the range of values that can be stored within that memory and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.