Assembly - Introduction
What is Assembly Language?
Each personal computer has a microprocessor that manages the computer's arithmetical, logical, and control activities.Each family of processors has its own set of instructions for handling various operations such as getting input from keyboard, displaying information on screen and performing various other jobs. These set of instructions are called 'machine language instructions'.
A processor understands only machine language instructions, which are strings of 1's and 0's. However, machine language is too obscure and complex for using in software development. So, the low-level assembly language is designed for a specific family of processors that represents various instructions in symbolic code and a more understandable form.
Advantages of Assembly Language
Having an understanding of assembly language makes one aware of −- How programs interface with OS, processor, and BIOS;
- How data is represented in memory and other external devices;
- How the processor accesses and executes instruction;
- How instructions access and process data;
- How a program accesses external devices.
- It requires less memory and execution time;
- It allows hardware-specific complex jobs in an easier way;
- It is suitable for time-critical jobs;
- It is most suitable for writing interrupt service routines and other memory resident programs.
Basic Features of PC Hardware
The main internal hardware of a PC consists of processor, memory, and registers. Registers are processor components that hold data and address. To execute a program, the system copies it from the external device into the internal memory. The processor executes the program instructions.The fundamental unit of computer storage is a bit; it could be ON (1) or OFF (0). A group of nine related bits makes a byte, out of which eight bits are used for data and the last one is used for parity. According to the rule of parity, the number of bits that are ON (1) in each byte should always be odd.
So, the parity bit is used to make the number of bits in a byte odd. If the parity is even, the system assumes that there had been a parity error (though rare), which might have been caused due to hardware fault or electrical disturbance.
The processor supports the following data sizes −
- Word: a 2-byte data item
- Doubleword: a 4-byte (32 bit) data item
- Quadword: an 8-byte (64 bit) data item
- Paragraph: a 16-byte (128 bit) area
- Kilobyte: 1024 bytes
- Megabyte: 1,048,576 bytes
Binary Number System
Every number system uses positional notation, i.e., each position in which a digit is written has a different positional value. Each position is power of the base, which is 2 for binary number system, and these powers begin at 0 and increase by 1.The following table shows the positional values for an 8-bit binary number, where all bits are set ON.
| Bit value | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Position value as a power of base 2 | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Bit number | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 +16 + 32 + 64 + 128 = 255
which is same as 28 - 1.
Hexadecimal Number System
Hexadecimal number system uses base 16. The digits in this system range from 0 to 15. By convention, the letters A through F is used to represent the hexadecimal digits corresponding to decimal values 10 through 15.Hexadecimal numbers in computing is used for abbreviating lengthy binary representations. Basically, hexadecimal number system represents a binary data by dividing each byte in half and expressing the value of each half-byte. The following table provides the decimal, binary, and hexadecimal equivalents −
| Decimal number | Binary representation | Hexadecimal representation |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 10 | 2 |
| 3 | 11 | 3 |
| 4 | 100 | 4 |
| 5 | 101 | 5 |
| 6 | 110 | 6 |
| 7 | 111 | 7 |
| 8 | 1000 | 8 |
| 9 | 1001 | 9 |
| 10 | 1010 | A |
| 11 | 1011 | B |
| 12 | 1100 | C |
| 13 | 1101 | D |
| 14 | 1110 | E |
| 15 | 1111 | F |
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