Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is an object-oriented computer programming
language implemented on the .NET Framework. Although it is an evolution
of classic Visual Basic language, it is not backwards-compatible with
VB6, and any code written in the old version does not compile under
VB.NET.
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Wednesday, February 8, 2017
VB.Net - Environment Setup
In this chapter, we will discuss the tools available for creating VB.Net applications.
We have already mentioned that VB.Net is part of .Net framework and used for writing .Net applications. Therefore before discussing the available tools for running a VB.Net program, let us understand how VB.Net relates to the .Net framework.
We have already mentioned that VB.Net is part of .Net framework and used for writing .Net applications. Therefore before discussing the available tools for running a VB.Net program, let us understand how VB.Net relates to the .Net framework.
VB.Net - Program Structure
Before we study basic building blocks of the VB.Net programming
language, let us look a bare minimum VB.Net program structure so that we
can take it as a reference in upcoming chapters.
VB.Net - Basic Syntax
VB.Net is an object-oriented programming language. In Object-Oriented
Programming methodology, a program consists of various objects that
interact with each other by means of actions. The actions that an object
may take are called methods. Objects of the same kind are said to have
the same type or, more often, are said to be in the same class.
VB.Net - Data Types
Data types refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables
or functions of different types. The type of a variable determines how
much space it occupies in storage and how the bit pattern stored is
interpreted.
VB.Net - Variables
A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our
programs can manipulate. Each variable in VB.Net has a specific type,
which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory; the range
of values that can be stored within that memory; and the set of
operations that can be applied to the variable.
VB.Net - Constants and Enumerations
The constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during its execution. These fixed values are also called literals.
Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are also enumeration constants as well.
Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are also enumeration constants as well.
VB.Net - Modifiers
The modifiers are keywords added with any programming element to give
some especial emphasis on how the programming element will behave or
will be accessed in the program
VB.Net - Statements
A statement is a complete instruction in Visual Basic
programs. It may contain keywords, operators, variables, literal values,
constants and expressions.
Statements could be categorized as:
Statements could be categorized as:
VB.Net - Directives
The VB.Net compiler directives give instructions to the compiler to preprocess the information before actual compilation starts.
All these directives begin with #, and only white-space characters may appear before a directive on a line. These directives are not statements.
All these directives begin with #, and only white-space characters may appear before a directive on a line. These directives are not statements.
VB.Net - Operators
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific
mathematical or logical manipulations. VB.Net is rich in built-in
operators and provides following types of commonly used operators:
VB.Net - Decision Making
Decision making structures require that the programmer specify one or
more conditions to be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a
statement or statements to be executed if the condition is determined to
be true, and optionally, other statements to be executed if the
condition is determined to be false.
VB.Net - Loops
There may be a situation when you need to execute a block of code
several number of times. In general, statements are executed
sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first,
followed by the second, and so on.
VB.Net - Strings
In VB.Net, you can use strings as array of characters, however, more
common practice is to use the String keyword to declare a string
variable. The string keyword is an alias for the System.String class.
VB.Net - Date & Time
Most of the softwares you write need implementing some form of date
functions returning current date and time. Dates are so much part of
everyday life that it becomes easy to work with them without thinking.
VB.Net also provides powerful tools for date arithmetic that makes
manipulating dates easy.
VB.Net - Arrays
An array stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the
same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is
often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of
the same type.
All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations.
All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations.
VB.Net - Collections
Collection classes are specialized classes for data storage and
retrieval. These classes provide support for stacks, queues, lists, and
hash tables. Most collection classes implement the same interfaces.
VB.Net - Functions
A procedure is a group of statements that together perform a task
when called. After the procedure is executed, the control returns to the
statement calling the procedure. VB.Net has two types of procedures:
- Functions
- Sub procedures or Subs
VB.Net - Sub Procedures
As we mentioned in the previous chapter, Sub procedures are
procedures that do not return any value. We have been using the Sub
procedure Main in all our examples. We have been writing console
applications so far in these tutorials.
VB.Net - Classes & Objects
When you define a class, you define a blueprint for a data type. This
doesn't actually define any data, but it does define what the class
name means, that is, what an object of the class will consist of and
what operations can be performed on such an object.
VB.Net - Exception Handling
An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a
program. An exception is a response to an exceptional circumstance that
arises while a program is running, such as an attempt to divide by zero.
Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program to another. VB.Net exception handling is built upon four keywords: Try, Catch, Finally and Throw.
Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program to another. VB.Net exception handling is built upon four keywords: Try, Catch, Finally and Throw.
VB.Net - File Handling
A file is a collection of data stored in a disk with a
specific name and a directory path. When a file is opened for reading or
writing, it becomes a stream.
The stream is basically the sequence of bytes passing through the communication path. There are two main streams: the input stream and the output stream.
The stream is basically the sequence of bytes passing through the communication path. There are two main streams: the input stream and the output stream.
VB.Net - Basic Controls
An object is a type of user interface element you create on a Visual
Basic form by using a toolbox control. In fact, in Visual Basic, the
form itself is an object. Every Visual Basic control consists of three
important elements:
VB.Net - Dialog Boxes
There are many built-in dialog boxes to be used in Windows forms for
various tasks like opening and saving files, printing a page, providing
choices for colors, fonts, page setup, etc., to the user of an
application. These built-in dialog boxes reduce the developer's time and
workload.
VB.Net - Advanced Form
In this chapter, let us study the following concepts:
- Adding menus and sub menus in an application
- Adding the cut, copy and paste functionalities in a form
- Anchoring and docking controls in a form
- Modal forms
VB.Net - Event Handling
Events are basically a user action like key press, clicks, mouse
movements, etc., or some occurrence like system generated notifications.
Applications need to respond to events when they occur.
Clicking on a button, or entering some text in a text box, or clicking on a menu item, all are examples of events. An event is an action that calls a function or may cause another event.
Clicking on a button, or entering some text in a text box, or clicking on a menu item, all are examples of events. An event is an action that calls a function or may cause another event.
VB.Net - Regular Expressions
A regular expression is a pattern that could be matched
against an input text. The .Net framework provides a regular expression
engine that allows such matching. A pattern consists of one or more
character literals, operators, or constructs.
VB.Net - Database Access
Applications communicate with a database, firstly, to retrieve the
data stored there and present it in a user-friendly way, and secondly,
to update the database by inserting, modifying and deleting data.
Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects.Net (ADO.Net) is a model, a part of the .Net framework that is used by the .Net applications for retrieving, accessing and updating data.
Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects.Net (ADO.Net) is a model, a part of the .Net framework that is used by the .Net applications for retrieving, accessing and updating data.
VB.Net - Excel Sheet
VB.Net provides support for interoperability between the COM object model of Microsoft Excel 2010 and your application.
To avail this interoperability in your application, you need to import the namespace Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel in your Windows Form Application.
To avail this interoperability in your application, you need to import the namespace Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel in your Windows Form Application.
VB.Net - Send Email
VB.Net allows sending e-mails from your application. The System.Net.Mail namespace contains classes used for sending e-mails to a Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server for delivery.
The following table lists some of these commonly used classes:
The following table lists some of these commonly used classes:
VB.Net - XML Processing
The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language much like
HTML or SGML. This is recommended by the World Wide Web Consortium and
available as an open standard.
The System.Xml namespace in the .Net Framework contains classes for processing XML documents.
The System.Xml namespace in the .Net Framework contains classes for processing XML documents.
VB.Net - Web Programming
A dynamic web application consists of either or both of the following two types of programs:
- Server-side scripting - these are programs executed on a
web server, written using server-side scripting languages like ASP
(Active Server Pages) or JSP (Java Server Pages).
VB.Net - Quick Guide
VB.Net - Overview
Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is an object-oriented computer programming language implemented on the .NET Framework. Although it is an evolution of classic Visual Basic language, it is not backwards-compatible with VB6, and any code written in the old version does not compile under VB.NET.VB.Net - Useful Resources
The following resources contain additional information on VB.Net. Please use them to get more in-depth knowledge on this topic.
Discuss VB.Net
VB.Net is a simple, modern, object-oriented computer programming
language developed by Microsoft to combine the power of .NET Framework
and the common language runtime with the productivity benefits that are
the hallmark of Visual Basic.
Swift - Overview
Swift is a new programming language developed by Apple Inc for iOS
and OS X development. Swift adopts the best of C and Objective-C,
without the constraints of C compatibility.
Swift - Environment
Try it Option Online
We have set up the Swift Programming environment online, so that you can compile and execute all the available examples online. It gives you confidence in what you are reading and enables you to verify the programs with different options. Feel free to modify any example and execute it online.
Swift - Basic Syntax
We have already seen a piece of Swift program while setting up the environment. Let's start once again with the following Hello, World! program created for OS X playground, which includes import Cocoa as shown below −
Swift - Data Types
While doing programming in any programming language, you need to use
different types of variables to store information. Variables are nothing
but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that when you
create a variable, you reserve some space in memory.
Swift - Variables
A variable provides us with named storage that our programs can
manipulate. Each variable in Swift has a specific type, which determines
the size and layout of the variable's memory; the range of values that
can be stored within that memory; and the set of operations that can be
applied to the variable.
Swift supports the following basic types of variables −
Swift supports the following basic types of variables −
Swift - Optionals
Swift also introduces Optionals type, which handles the
absence of a value. Optionals say either "there is a value, and it
equals x" or "there isn't a value at all".
An Optional is a type on its own, actually one of Swift’s new super-powered enums. It has two possible values, None and Some(T), where T is an associated value of the correct data type available in Swift.
An Optional is a type on its own, actually one of Swift’s new super-powered enums. It has two possible values, None and Some(T), where T is an associated value of the correct data type available in Swift.
Swift - Constants
Constants refer to fixed values that a program may not alter during
its execution. Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are enumeration constants as well.
Swift - Literals
A literal is the source code representation of a value of an integer,
floating-point number, or string type. The following are examples of
literals −
42 // Integer literal 3.14159 // Floating-point literal "Hello, world!" // String literal
Swift - Operators
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific
mathematical or logical manipulations. Objective-C is rich in built-in
operators and provides the following types of operators −
- Arithmetic Operators
- Comparison Operators
- Logical Operators
Swift - Decision Making
Decision making structures require that the programmer specifies one
or more conditions to be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a
statement or statements to be executed if the condition is determined
to be true, and optionally, other statements to be executed if the condition is determined to be false.
Swift - Loops
There may be a situation when you need to execute a block of code
several number of times. In general statements are executed
sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first,
followed by the second, and so on.
Swift - Strings
Strings in Swift are an ordered collection of characters, such as
"Hello, World!" and they are represented by the Swift data type String, which in turn represents a collection of values of Character type.
Swift - Characters
A character in Swift is a single character String literal, addressed by the data type character. Take a look at the following example. It uses two Character constants −
import Cocoa let char1: Character = "A" let char2: Character = "B"
Swift - Arrays
Swift arrays are used to store ordered lists of values of the same
type. Swift puts strict checking which does not allow you to enter a
wrong type in an array even by mistake.
Swift - Dictionaries
Swift dictionaries are used to store unordered lists of values
of the same type. Swift puts strict checking which does not allow you
to enter a wrong type in a dictionary even by mistake.
Swift - Functions
A function is a set of statements organized together to perform a
specific task. A Swift function can be as simple as a simple C function
to as complex as an Objective C language function. It allows us to pass
local and global parameter values inside the function calls.
Swift - Closures
Closures in Swift are similar to that of self-contained functions
organized as blocks and called anywhere like C and Objective C
languages. Constants and variable references defined inside the
functions are captured and stored in closures. Functions are considered
as special cases of closures and it takes the following three forms −
Swift - Enumerations
An enumeration is a user-defined data type which consists of set of related values. Keyword enum is used to defined enumerated data type.
Swift - Structures
Swift provides a flexible building block of making use of constructs
as Structures. By making use of these structures once can define
constructs methods and properties.
Swift - Classes
Classes in Swift are building blocks of flexible constructs. Similar
to constants, variables and functions the user can define class
properties and methods. Swift provides us the functionality that while
declaring classes the users need not create interfaces or implementation
files.
Swift - Properties
Swift language provides properties for class, enumeration or
structure to associate values. Properties can be further classified into
Stored properties and Computed properties.
Difference between Stored Properties and Computed Properties.
Difference between Stored Properties and Computed Properties.
Swift - Methods
In Swift language Functions associated with particular types are
referred to as Methods. In Objective C Classes are used to define
methods, whereas Swift language provides the user flexibility to have
methods for Classes, Structures and Enumerations.
Swift - Subscripts
Accessing the element members of a collection, sequence and a list in
Classes, Structures and Enumerations are carried out with the help of
subscripts. These subscripts are used to store and retrieve the values
with the help of index.
Swift - Inheritance
The ability to take than more form is defined as Inheritance.
Generally a class can inherit methods, properties and functionalities
from another class. Classes can be further categorized in to sub class
and super class.
- Sub Class − when a class inherits properties, methods and functions from another class it is called as sub class
Swift - Initialization
Classes, structures and enumerations once declared in Swift are
initialized for preparing instance of a class. Initial value is
initialized for stored property and also for new instances too the
values are initialized to proceed further.
Swift - Deinitialization
Before a class instance needs to be deallocated 'deinitializer' has
to be called to deallocate the memory space. The keyword 'deinit' is
used to deallocate the memory spaces occupied by the system resources.
Deinitialization is available only on class types.
Swift - ARC Overview
Memory management functions and its usage are handled in Swift
language through Automatic reference counting (ARC). ARC is used to
initialize and deinitialize the system resources thereby releasing
memory spaces used by the class instances when the instances are no
longer needed.
Swift - Optional Chaining
The process of querying, calling properties, subscripts and methods
on an optional that may be 'nil' is defined as optional chaining.
Optional chaining return two values −
- if the optional contains a 'value' then calling its related property, methods and subscripts returns values.
- if the optional contains a 'nil' value all its its related property, methods and subscripts returns nil.
Swift - Type Casting
To validate the type of an instance 'Type Casting' comes into play in
Swift language. It is used to check whether the instance type belongs
to a particular super class or subclass or it is defined in its own
hierarchy.
Swift type casting provides two operators 'is' to check the type of a value and 'as' and to cast the type value to a different type.
Swift type casting provides two operators 'is' to check the type of a value and 'as' and to cast the type value to a different type.
Swift - Extensions
Functionality of an existing class, structure or enumeration type can
be added with the help of extensions. Type functionality can be added
with extensions but overriding the functionality is not possible with
extensions.
Swift - Protocols
Protocols provide a blueprint for Methods, properties and other
requirements functionality. It is just described as a methods or
properties skeleton instead of implementation. Methods and properties
implementation can further be done by defining classes, functions and
enumerations.
Swift - Generics
Swift language provides 'Generic' features to write flexible and
reusable functions and types. Generics are used to avoid duplication and
to provide abstraction. Swift standard libraries are built with
generics code. Swifts 'Arrays' and 'Dictionary' types belong to generic
collections.
Swift - Access Control
To restrict access to code blocks, modules and abstraction is done
through access control. Classes, structures and enumerations can be
accessed according to their properties, methods, initializers and
subscripts by access control mechanisms.
Swift - Quick Guide
Swift is a new programming language developed by Apple Inc for iOS
and OS X development. Swift adopts the best of C and Objective-C,
without the constraints of C compatibility.
- Swift makes use of safe programming patterns.
- Swift provides modern programming features.
- Swift provides Objective-C like syntax.
Swift - Useful Resources
The following resources contain additional information on Swift. Please use them to get more in-depth knowledge on this.
Discuss Swift
Swift is a new programming language developed by Apple Inc for iOS
and OS X development. Swift adopts the best of C and Objective-C,
without the constraints of C compatibility. Swift uses the same runtime
as the existing Obj-C system on Mac OS and iOS which makes Swift
programs run on many existing iOS 6 and OS X 10.8 platforms.
Socket.IO - Overview
Socket.IO
Socket.IO is a JavaScript library for realtime web applications. It enables realtime, bi-directional communication between web clients and servers. It has two parts: a client-side library that runs in the browser, and a server-side library for node.js. Both components have a nearly identical API.Socket.IO - Environment
To get started with developing using the Socket.IO, you need to have Node and npm(node package manager)
installed. If you don’t already have these, head over to Node setup to
install node on your local system. Confirm that node and npm are
installed by running the following commands in your terminal.
Socket.IO - Hello World
Create a file called app.js and enter the following to set up an express application:
var app = require('express')(); var http = require('http').Server(app); app.get('/', function(req, res){ res.sendfile('index.html'); });
Socket.IO - Event Handling
Sockets work based on events. There are some reserved events that can
be accessed using the socket object on the server side: connect,
message, disconnect, reconnect, ping, join and leave. The client side
socket object also provides us with some reserved events: connect,
connect_error, connect_timeout, reconnect, etc.
Socket.IO - Broadcasting
Broadcasting means sending a message to all connected clients.
Broadcasting can be done at multiple levels. We can send the message to
all connected clients, to clients on a namespace and clients in a
particular room. The latter 2 would be covered in their respective
chapters.
Socket.IO - Namespaces
Socket.IO allows you to “namespace” your sockets, which essentially means assigning different endpoints or paths.
This is a useful feature to minimize the number of resources (TCP connections) and at the same time separate concerns within your application by introducing separation between communication channels.
This is a useful feature to minimize the number of resources (TCP connections) and at the same time separate concerns within your application by introducing separation between communication channels.
Socket.IO - Rooms
Within each namespace, you can also define arbitrary channels that
sockets can join and leave. These channels are called rooms. Rooms are
used to further separate concerns.
Rooms also share the same socket connection like namespaces.
Rooms also share the same socket connection like namespaces.
Socket.IO - Error Handling
We've worked on local servers till now which will almost never give
us errors related to connections, timeouts, etc. But in real life
production environments, handling such errors are of utmost importance.
So we'll now discuss how we can handle connection errors on the client
side.
Socket.IO - Logging and Debugging
Socket.IO uses a very famous debugging module developed by ExpresJS's main author, called debug.
Earlier socket.IO used to log everything to the console making it quite difficult to actually debug the problem. After the v1.0 release, you can specify what you want to log.
Earlier socket.IO used to log everything to the console making it quite difficult to actually debug the problem. After the v1.0 release, you can specify what you want to log.
Socket.IO - Internals
Fallbacks
Socket.IO has a lot of underlying transport mechanisms, which deal with various constraints arising due to cross browser issues, WebSocket implementations, firewalls, port blocking, etc.Though W3C has a defined specification for WebSocket API, it is still lacking in implementation.
Socket.IO - Chat Application
Now that we are well aquainted with Socket.IO, let us write a chat
application which we can use to chat on different chat rooms. We will
allow users to choose a username and allow them to chat using them. So
first let us set up our HTML file to request for a username:
Socket.IO - Quick Guide
Socket.IO
Socket.IO is a JavaScript library for realtime web applications. It enables realtime, bi-directional communication between web clients and servers. It has two parts: a client-side library that runs in the browser, and a server-side library for node.js. Both components have a nearly identical API.Socket.IO - Useful Resources
The following resources contain additional information on Socket.IO.
Please use them to get more in-depth knowledge on this topic.
Socket.IO - Discussion
Socket.IO enables real-time bidirectional event-based communication.
It works on every platform, browser or device, focusing equally on
reliability and speed. Socket.IO is built on top of the WebSockets
API(Client side) and Node.js. It is one of the most depended-upon
library on npm.
Scala - Overview
Scala, short for Scalable Language, is a hybrid functional
programming language. It was created by Martin Odersky. Scala smoothly
integrates the features of object-oriented and functional languages.
Scala is compiled to run on the Java Virtual Machine.
Scala - Environment Setup
Try it Option Online
We have set up the Scala Programming environment on-line, so that you can compile and execute all the available examples on line. It gives you confidence in what you are reading and enables you to verify the programs with different options. Feel free to modify any example and execute it on-line.
Scala - Basic Syntax
If you have a good understanding on Java, then it will be very easy
for you to learn Scala. The biggest syntactic difference between Scala
and Java is that the ';' line end character is optional.
Scala - Data Types
Scala has all the same data types as Java, with the same memory
footprint and precision. Following is the table giving details about all
the data types available in Scala −
Scala - Variables
Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values.
This means that when you create a variable, you reserve some space in
memory.
Based on the data type of a variable, the compiler allocates memory and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory.
Based on the data type of a variable, the compiler allocates memory and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory.
Scala - Classes & Objects
This chapter takes you through how to use classes and objects in
Scala programming. A class is a blueprint for objects. Once you define a
class, you can create objects from the class blueprint with the keyword
new. Through the object you can use all functionalities of the defined class.
Scala - Access Modifiers
This chapter takes you through the Scala access modifiers. Members of
packages, classes or objects can be labeled with the access modifiers
private and protected, and if we are not using either of these two
keywords, then access will be assumed as public.
Scala - Operators
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific
mathematical or logical manipulations. Scala is rich in built-in
operators and provides the following types of operators −
- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Logical Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Assignment Operators
Scala - IF ELSE Statements
This chapter takes you through the conditional construction
statements in Scala programming. Following is the general form of a
typical decision making IF...ELSE structure found in most of the
programming languages.
Scala - Loop Statements
This chapter takes you through the loop control structures in Scala programming languages.
There may be a situation, when you need to execute a block of code several number of times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on.
There may be a situation, when you need to execute a block of code several number of times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on.
Scala - Functions
A function is a group of statements that perform a task. You can
divide up your code into separate functions. How you divide up your code
among different functions is up to you, but logically, the division
usually is so that each function performs a specific task.
Scala - Closures
A closure is a function, whose return value depends on the value of one or more variables declared outside this function.
The following piece of code with anonymous function.
The following piece of code with anonymous function.
val multiplier = (i:Int) => i * 10
Scala - Strings
This chapter takes you through the Scala Strings. In Scala, as in Java, a string is an immutable object, that is, an object that cannot be modified. On the other hand, objects that can be modified, like arrays, are called mutable objects. Strings are very useful objects, in the rest of this section, we present important methods of java.lang.String class.
Scala - Arrays
Scala provides a data structure, the array, which stores a
fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array
is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to
think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.
Scala - Collections
Scala has a rich set of collection library. Collections are
containers of things. Those containers can be sequenced, linear sets of
items like List, Tuple, Option, Map, etc. The collections may have an
arbitrary number of elements or be bounded to zero or one element (e.g.,
Option).
Scala - Traits
A trait encapsulates method and field definitions, which can then be
reused by mixing them into classes. Unlike class inheritance, in which
each class must inherit from just one superclass, a class can mix in any
number of traits.
Scala - Pattern Matching
Pattern matching is the second most widely used feature of Scala,
after function values and closures. Scala provides great support for
pattern matching, in processing the messages.
Scala - Regular Expressions
This chapter explains how Scala supports regular expressions through Regex class available in the scala.util.matching package.
Try the following example program where we will try to find out word Scala from a statement.
Try the following example program where we will try to find out word Scala from a statement.
Scala - Exception Handling
Scala's exceptions work like exceptions in many other languages like Java. Instead of returning a value in the normal way, a method can terminate by throwing an exception. However, Scala doesn't actually have checked exceptions.
Scala - Extractors
An extractor in Scala is an object that has a method called unapply as one of its members. The purpose of that unapply method is to match a value and take it apart. Often, the extractor object also defines a dual method apply for building values, but this is not required.
Scala - Files I/O
Scala is open to make use of any Java objects and java.io.File is one of the objects which can be used in Scala programming to read and write files.
The following is an example program to writing to a file.
The following is an example program to writing to a file.
Scala - Quick Guide
Scala - Overview
Scala, short for Scalable Language, is a hybrid functional programming language. It was created by Martin Odersky. Scala smoothly integrates the features of object-oriented and functional languages. Scala is compiled to run on the Java Virtual Machine.Scala - Useful Resources
The following resources contain additional information on Scala. Please use them to get more in-depth knowledge on this topic.
Discuss Scala
Scala is a modern multi-paradigm programming language designed to
express common programming patterns in a concise, elegant, and type-safe
way.
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